There is really only one circle. Of course, you have to allow for translation and scaling for this to be true, but I think you’ll agree that a large circle is essentially the same as a small one. The geometrical term for this is similarity. Two objects are similar if…
In the context of images, steganography is the hiding of an image (or other information) within another image. The “carrier image” can then be sent over an untrusted channel (e.g., published on the Internet), and only people that know that the hidden message is there will…
With fractional delay, I mean a delay of a fraction of a sampling period. Introducing a delay of an integer number of samples is easy, since you can do that by simply skipping a number of samples, or buffering them if you don’t want to…
This article is firmly in the category “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”, so don’t take it too seriously… Do you know what an antegooglewhackblatt is? Well, an antegooglewhackblatt is…
Before information can be transmitted using a digital modulation scheme, the information bits have to be mapped to the constellation. Each point in the constellation is known as a symbol, making the full collection of symbols a kind of alphabet of the modulation scheme. For most digital modulation schemes…
Say that you have an ant that lives on an infinite plain with tiles that can be either black or white. The ant can move in the four main directions, and it keeps moving indefinitely, according to the following two simple rules…
A constellation diagram is a diagram that shows how the information in a digital modulation scheme such as phase shift keying (PSK) is represented in a modulated carrier. This article is a bit of an experiment; instead of introducing the constellation diagram by simply presenting it…
The image below shows eight faces that were generated through a machine learning technique called a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The faces are completely artificial, and do not correspond to…
An analytic signal is a signal without negative frequency components. This might seem a strange concept if you’re not used to it, but analytic signals are used in signal processing, for example in modems for telecommunications. Let’s start from…
I’m working on a series of articles on modems. It’ll be a loose collection of posts, and not a true multi-part article such as the one on tomography. Modem technology is not widely known and/or understood, even by a technical audience. However…